1. MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO
Marcus Tullius Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero, better known in history as "Cicero", was born on January 3,106 BC in Arpinum, Roman Republic and died on December 7, 43 BC at the age of 63 years in Formia, Roman Republic. He wrote many philippics against Antony. A philippic is an extremely bitter and hot speech delivered to condemn a political opponent. The term was derived from such speeches written against Phillip II of Macedon in the fourth century BC. Highly annoyed, Antony ordered his decapitation for this act. Cicero was arrested when trying to flee, and was beheaded on the spot. His hands were also cut in retaliation for writing the philippics. Just before execution, Cicero exposing his neck and throat to his killers, said "There is nothing proper about what you are doing, soldier, but do try to kill me properly". Following the tradition of Marius and Sula, who used to display the enemy heads, Antony too ordered the display of Cicero's head and hands on the rostrum of Forum Romanum.
2. ANNE BOLEYN
Anne Boleyn
Anne Boleyn was born to Thomas Boley, the Earl of Witershire and Lady Elizabeth Howard, in 1501, at Blickling Hall, Norfolk or Hever Castle, Kent and died on May 19, 1536 at the age of 35 years in Tower of London. From 1533 to 1536, she was the Queen of England as the second wife of King Henry VIII. The King accused her of high treason, adultery, incest, and witchcraft. She was arrested and sent to the Tower of London. On May 6, 1536 she wrote a letter to the king which contained "Try me, good king, but let me have a lawful trial, and let not my sworn enemies sit as my accusers and judges; yea let me receive an open trial, for my truth shall fear no open flame; then shall you see either my innocence cleared, your suspicion and conscience satisfied, the ignominy and slander of the world stopped, or my guilt openly declared." The biased jury however gave the verdict against her to please the King and she was ultimately decapitated becoming perhaps, one of the most famous decapitations in history.
3. FRIEDRICH HEINRICH KARL HAARMANN
Friedrich Heinrich Karl Haarmann
Friedrich Heinrich Karl Haarmann, also known as the Butcher of Hanover, was born to poor parents on October 25, 1879 in Hanover, German Empire and died on April 15, 1925 at the age of 45 years. He entered a Military Academy at the age of 16and did quite satisfactorily for two years, but started suffering from fits, after which he was discharged. He was accused of killing 27 boys during 1918 and 1924. His trial attracted nationwide attention and as the term Serial Killer did not exist in that time, he was named as "werewolf". After a two week trial he was found guilty and convicted of murdering 24 boys. He was sentenced to death and was decapitated by guillotine on April 15, 1925. He did not appeal against the verdict. Before decapitation he uttered his last words "I repent, but I do not fear death".
4. LEONARD GEORGE SIFFLEET
Leonard George Siffleet
Leonard George Siffleet was born on January 14, 1916 in Gunnedah, New South Wales and died on October 24, 1943 in Aitape, Papua New Guinea. In 1930 he moved to Sydney seeking a police job, but he could not get it on account of his weak eyesight. However, he succeeded in joining the Services Reconnaissance Department and was sent on a mission to Papua New Guinea, along with two other colleagues. Tribesmen captured all of them and handed over them to the Japanese. All of them were interrogated and tortured. Finally they were each decapitated. Stifflees photograph of decapitation is preserved and speaks about the reality of the war.
5. DANIEL PEARL
Daniel Pearl
Daniel Pearl was born to Ruth and Judea Pearl, on October 10, 1963 in Princeton, New Jersey, U.S. and died on February 1, 2002 at the age of 38 years in Karachi, Pakistan. He was raised in Los Angeles, California and was educated at Portola Middle School and Birmingham High School. Judea Pearl had narrated his Jewish family background in his LA Times article Roots in the Holy Land. While working as a bureau chief of The Wall Street Journal, based in Bombay India, he was kidnapped. He was on a mission to investigate links between Richard Reid and Al Qaeda. His captors decapitated him and a British National Ahmed Omar Sheikh was in turn sentenced to death in July 2002.
6. AUGUSTE VAILLANT
Auguste Vaillant
Auguste Vaillant was born on December 27, 1861 in Mezieres, Ardennes, France and died on February3, 1894 at the age of 32 years in Paris, France. He is known for his bomb attack on the French Chamber of Deputies. He was captured soon after throwing the homemade bomb from the public Gallery. He was an anarchist and as such did not like the state. The device was too weak to cause fatalities, it did however cause many injuries. Valliant confessed that his aim was not to kill but to injure as many deputies as he could in retaliation to the execution of Ravachol. He was sentenced to death and decapitated on December 9, 1893.
7. TAHVO PUTKONEN
Decapitation
Tahvo Putkonen was born on October 30, 1795 in Suonenjoki, Finland and died in Pieksamak. He was a Finnish farmer who killed another farmer, Lesse Hirvonen. In 1822, he had invited many guests during a celebration. While heavily drunk, Putkonen attacked Hirvonen and struck him on his head. Hirvonen did not survive the head injury and died after two days. He was arrested and sentenced to death after a long trial. He appealed many times, but all of his appeals were rejected, and he was ultimately decapitated with an axe on July 30, 1823. The axe used in decapitation has been preserved at the Museum of Crime in Vantaa.
8. MARGARET POLE THE BLESSED
Margaret Pole the Blessed
Margaret Pole the Blessed, Countess of Salisbury was born on August 14, 1473 in Farleigh Hungerford Castle, Somerset, England and died on May 27, 1541 in the Tower of London at the age of 67 years. She was charged of high treason, which she denied. She was decapitated at the orders of King Henry VIII, on May 27, 1541 and beatified by Pope Leo XIII on December 29, 1886.
9. MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS
Mary, Queen of Scots
Mary, Queen of Scots was born to James V, King of Scots and Mary of Guise at Linlithgow Palace, Linlithgow, Scotland on December 8, 1542 and died on February 8, 1587. Mary was made to abdicate in favor of her one year old son. She sought refuge from Queen Elizabeth Queen, whose throne Mary had once claimed as of her. Mary was tried for treason and having been imprisoned for eighteen and a half years was sentenced to death by decapitation. The headsman had to strike twice for the purpose. Her last words were "In manus tuas, Domine, commendo spiritum meum" meaning "Into thy hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit."
10. ROBERT DEVEREUX, 2ND EARL OF ESSEX
Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex
Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex was born to Walter Devereux and Lettice Knollys on November 10, 1565 at Netherwood, Herefordshire. He was an overambitious general and was arrested after an unsuccessful coup de tat attempt. He was tried on charges of treason on February 19, 1601. He was found guilty and decapitated on Tower Green on February 1601. He was the last person who was decapitated in the Tower of London. His headsman Thomas Derrick struck him thrice to complete decapitation.
CONCLUSION
Not only the criminals but also great men like St. Paul, Mansur Al-Hallaj and Sarmad Shaheed too had been decapitated for their firm belief in truth. Sarmad Shaheed, the renowned Muslim mystic poet was decapitated under the orders of the Mogul Emperor Aurengzeb. Mansoor Al-Hallah was also a great Muslim mystic who was decapitated on March 26,922 at the orders of Abbasid Caliph Al-Muqtadir. French Scholar, Massignon has described the decapitation of Mansur Al-Hallaj in detail.
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