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Hundred years after Orville Wright's first flight, K R N SWAMY remembers Shivkur Bapuji Talpade, the Indian who flew an unmanned aircraft, eight years before Wright.
Orville Wright demonstrated on December 17th 1903 that it was possible for a 'manned heavier than air machine to fly'. But, in 1895, eight years earlier, the Sanskrit scholar Shivkar Bapuji Talpade had designed a basic aircraft called Marutsakthi (meaning Power of Air) based on Vedic technology and had it take off unmanned before a large audience in the Chowpathy beach of Bombay. The importance of the Wright brothers lies in the fact, that it was a manned flight for a distance of 120 feet and Orville Wright became the first man to fly. But Talpade's unmanned aircraft flew to a height of 1500 feet before crashing down and the historian Evan Koshtka, has described Talpade as the 'first creator of an aircraft'.
As the world observes the one hundredth anniversary of the first manned flight, it is interesting to consider the saga of India's 19th century first aircraft inventor for his design was entirely based on the rich treasury of India's Vedas. Shivkar Bapuji Talpade was born in 1864 in the locality of Chirabazar at Dukkarwadi in Bombay.
He was a scholar of Sanskrit and from his young age was attracted by the Vaimanika Sastra (Aeronautical Science) expounded by the great Indian sage Maharishi Bhardwaja. One western scholar of Indology Stephen-Knapp has put in simple words or rather has tried to explain what Talpade did and succeeded!
According to Knapp, the Vaimanika Shastra describes in detail, the construction of what is called, the mercury vortex engine the forerunner of the ion engines being made today by NASA. Knapp adds that additional information on the mercury engines can be found in the ancient Vedic text called Samaranga Sutradhara. This text also devotes 230 verses, to the use of these machines in peace and war. The Indologist William Clarendon, who has written down a detailed description of the mercury vortex engine in his translation of Samaranga Sutradhara quotes thus 'Inside the circular air frame, place the mercury-engine with its solar mercury boiler at the aircraft center. By means of the power latent in the heated mercury which sets the driving whirlwind in motion a man sitting inside may travel a great distance in a most marvellous manner. Four strong mercury containers must be built into the interior structure. When these have been heated by fire through solar or other sources the vimana (aircraft) develops thunder-power through the mercury.
NASA (National Aeronau-tical and Space Administra-tion) world's richest/ most powerful scientific organisation is trying to create an ion engine that is a device that uses a stream of high velocity electrified particles instead of a blast of hot gases like in present day modern jet engines. Surprisingly according to the bi-monthly Ancient Skies published in USA, the aircraft engines being developed for future use by NASA by some strange coincidence also uses mercury bombardment units powered by Solar cells! Interestingly, the impulse is generated in seven stages. The mercury propellant is first vapourised fed into the thruster discharge chamber ionised converted into plasma by a combination with electrons broke down electrically and then accelerated through small openings in a screen to pass out of the engine at velocities between 1200 to 3000 kilometres per minute! But so far NASA has been able to produce an experimental basis only a one pound of thrust by its scientists a power derivation virtually useless. But 108 years ago Talpade was able to use his knowledge of Vaimanika Shastra to produce sufficient thrust to lift his aircraft 1500 feet into the air!
According to Indian scholar Acharya, 'Vaimanika Shastra deals about aeronautics including the design of aircraft the way they can be used for transportation and other applications in detail. The knowledge of aeronautics is described in Sanskrit in 100 sections, eight chapters, 500 principles and 3000 slokas including 32 techniques to fly an aircraft. In fact, depending on the classifications of eras or Yugas in modern Kaliyuga aircraft used are called Krithakavimana flown by the power of engines by absorbing solar energies!' It is feared that only portions of Bharadwaja's masterpiece Vaimanika Shas-tra survive today.
The question that comes to one's mind is, what happened to this wonderful encyclopaedia of aeronautical knowledge accumulated by the Indian savants of yore, and why was it not used? But in those days, such knowledge was the preserve of sages, who would not allow it to be misused, just like the knowledge of atomic bombs is being used by terrorists today!
According to scholar Ratnakar Mahajan who wrote a brochure on Talpade. 'Being a Sanskrit scholar interested in aeronautics, Talpade studied and consulted a number of Vedic treatises like Brihad Vaimanika Shastra of Maharishi Bharadwaja Vimanachandrika of Acharya Narayan Muni Viman yantra of Maharish Shownik Yantra Kalp by Maharishi Garg Muni Viman Bindu of Acharya Vachaspati and Vimana Gyanarka Prakashika of Maharishi Dhundiraj'. This gave him confidence that he can build an aircraft with mercury engines. One essential factor in the creation of these Vedic aircraft was the timing of the Suns Rays or Solar energy (as being now utilised by NASA) when they were most effective to activate the mercury ions of the engine. Happily for Talpade Maharaja Sayaji Rao Gaekwad of Baroda a great supporter of the Sciences in India, was willing to help him and Talpade went ahead with his aircraft construction with mercury engines. One day in 1895 (unfortunately the actual date is not mentioned in the Kesari newspaper of Pune which covered the event) before an curious scholarly audience headed by the famous Indian judge/ nationalist/ Mahadeva Govin-da Ranade and H H Sayaji Rao Gaekwad Talpade had the good fortune to see his un manned aircraft named as 'Marutsakthi' take off, fly to a height of 1500 feet and then fall down to earth.
But this success of an Indian scientist was not liked by the Imperial rulers. Warned by the British Government the Maharaja of Baroda stopped helping Talpade. It is said that the remains of the Marutsakthi were sold to 'foreign parties' by the relatives of Talpade in order to salvage whatever they can out of their loans to him. Talpade's wife died at this critical juncture and he was not in a mental frame to continue with his researches. But his efforts to make known the greatness of Vedic Shastras was recognised by Indian scholars, who gave him the title of Vidya Prakash Pra-deep.
Talpade passed away in 1916 un-honoured, in his own country.
As the world rightly honours the Wright Brothers for their achievements, we should think of Talpade, who utilised the ancient knowledge of Sanskrit texts, to fly an aircraft, eight years before his foreign counterparts.
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Vimana (Sanskrit: ) is a Sanskrit word with several meanings ranging from temple or palace to mythological flying machines described in Sanskrit epics. It is made of vi- = "apart" and ma-na- = "having been measured". Sanskrit vi-mana literally means "measuring out, traversing" or "having been measured out". It can refer to (ref Monier-Williams):
The palace of an emperor or supreme monarch (especially one with seven stories)
The adytum of a Rama temple, or of any other temple
A temple or shrine of a particular form, see Vimanam (tower)
From that meaning, "a god's palace", Ravana's flying palace Pushpaka in the Ramayana.
From that, a chariot of the gods, any mythical self-moving aerial car (sometimes serving as a seat or throne, sometimes self-moving and carrying its occupant through the air; other descriptions make the Vimana more like a house or palace, and one kind is said to be seven storeys high.
From that, any chariot or vehicle (especially a bier)
In medicine, the science of (right) measure or proportion (e.g. of the right relation between the humours of the body, of medicines and remedies etc.)
In the Vimanavatthu, a small piece of text used as the inspiration for a Buddhist sermon.
In some modern Indian languages, vimana or viman means "aircraft", for example in the town name Vimanapura (a suburb of Bangalore).
Vedas
The predecessors of the flying vimanas of the Sanskrit epics are the flying chariots employed by various gods in the Vedas: the Sun (see Sun chariot) and Indra and several other Vedic deities are transported by flying wheeled chariots pulled by animals, usually horses (but the Vedic god Pusan's chariot is pulled by goats, as is that of Norse Thor).
The Rigveda does not mention Vimanas, but verses RV 1.164.47-48 have been taken as evidence for the idea of "mechanical birds":
47. k'a niy^ana h'araya supar^a / ap'o v'asana d'ivam 'ut patanti
t'a ^avavtran s'adanad t'asy^ad / 'id ght'ena pthiv^i vy `udyate
48. dv^ada'sa pradh'aya's cakr'am 'eka / tr^ii n'abhyani k'a u t'ac ciketa
t'asmin sak'a tri'sat^a n'a 'sak'avo / 'rpit^a a'ir n'a calacal^asa
"Dark the descent: the birds are golden-coloured; up to the heaven they fly robed in the waters.
Again descend they from the seat of Order, and all the earth is moistened with their fatness."
"Twelve are the fellies, and the wheel is single; three are the naves. What man hath understood it?
Therein are set together spokes three hundred and sixty, which in nowise can be loosened." ("trans." Griffith)
In Swami Dayananda Saraswati's "translation", these verses become:
"jumping into space speedily with a craft using fire and water... containing twelve stamghas (pillars), one wheel, three machines, 300 pivots, and 60 instruments." Ramayana
Rama being welcomed back to Ayodhya, also shown him flying in the Pushpaka Vimana, which here is depicted as a boatIn the Ramayana, the pushpaka ("flowery") vimana of Ravana is described as follows:
"The Pushpaka chariot that resembles the Sun and belongs to my brother was brought by the powerful Ravana; that aerial and excellent chariot going everywhere at will... that chariot resembling a bright cloud in the sky... and the King [Rama] got in, and the excellent chariot at the command of the Raghira, rose up into the higher atmosphere.'"
It is the first flying vimana mentioned in Hindu mythology (as distinct from the gods' flying horse-drawn chariots).
Pushpaka was originally made by Vishwakarma for Kubera, the God of wealth, but was later stolen, along with Lanka, by his half-brother, the demon king Ravana.
Mahabharata
One example in the Mahabharata is that the Asura Maya had a Vimana measuring twelve cubits in circumference, with four strong wheels. Apart from 'blazing missiles', the poem records the use of other deadly weapons. 'Indra's Dart' (Indravajra) operated via a circular 'reflector'. When switched on, it produced a 'shaft of light' which, when focused on any target, immediately 'consumed it with its power'.
In one exchange, the hero, Lord Krishna, is pursuing his enemy, Salva, in the sky, when Salva's Vimana, the Saubha, is made invisible in some way. Undeterred, Lord Krishna immediately fires off a special weapon: "I quickly laid on an arrow, which killed by seeking out sound".
The Mahabharata compliments "the all-knowing Yavanas" (sarvajnaa yavanaa, the Greeks), as the creators of the vimanas: The Yavanas, O king, are all-knowing; the Suras are particularly so (sarvajna yavana rajan shuraz caiva vishesatah).
Jaina literature
Vimana-vasin ('dweller in vimana') is a class of deities who served the tirthakara Maha-vira. These Vaimanika deities dwell in the Urdhva Loka heavens.
According to the Kalpa Sutra of Bhadra-bahu, the 24th tirthakara Maha-vira himself emerged out of the great vimana Pupa-uttara ; whereas the 22nd tirthakara Aria-nemi emerged out of the great vimana Aparijita. The tirthakara-s Abhinandana (4th) and Sumati-natha (5th) both traveled through the sky in the "Jayanta-vimana", namely the great vimana Sarva-artha-siddhi, which was owned by the Jayanta deities; whereas the tirthakara Dharma-natha (15th) traveled through the sky in the "Vijaya-vimana".
A vimana may be seen in a dream, such as the nalini-gulma.
Vimanas and the Vaimanika Shastra
The Vaimanika Shastra is an early 20th century Sanskrit text on aeronautics, claimed to be obtained by mental channeling, about construction of vimanas, the "chariots of the Gods".
The existence of the text was revealed in 1952 by G. R. Josyer, according to whom it is due to one Pandit Subbaraya Shastry, who dictated it in 1918-1923. A Hindi translation was published in 1959, the Sanskrit text with an English translation in 1973. It has 3000 shlokas in 8 chapters and was attributed by Shastry to Maharishi Bharadvaja, which makes it of purportedly "ancient" origin, and hence it has a certain notability in ancient astronaut theories.
A study by aeronautical and mechanical engineering at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore in 1974 concluded that the aircrafts described in the text were "poor concoctions" and that the author showed complete lack of understanding of aeronautics.
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Ramayana is a epic in Hindu mythology. It contains accounts of various powerful characters and the
object they owned which reminds us of the advanced technology which they possessed. Because people who made note of these accounts didn't understand these technologies and always presented these things in
the form of magical objects and powers.
One such character in Ramayana is the Demon king Ravana who had magical powers and objects which were really powerful and of advanced technology. He was the king of Lanka and is depicted as a negative
character who kidnapped Rama's wife Sita. One of many objects that he possessed was the Pushpaka Viman(Chariot) which is mentioned when Ravana kidnaps Sita and takes here in the Flying Chariot.
In the Ramayana, the pushpaka ("flowery") vimana of Ravana is described as follows:
"The Pushpaka chariot that resembles the Sun and belongs to my brother was brought by the powerful Ravana; that aerial and excellent chariot going everywhere at will... that chariot resembling a bright cloud in the sky... and the King [Rama] got in, and the excellent chariot at the command of the Raghira, rose up into the higher atmosphere.'"
It is the first flying vimana mentioned in Hindu mythology (as distinct from the gods' flying horse-drawn chariots).
Pushpaka was originally made by Vishwakarma for Brahma the Hindu god of creation, later Brahma gifted it to Kubera, the God of wealth, but was later stolen, along with Lanka, by his half-brother, the demon king Ravana.
Then the miracle-air-chariot of Ravana which is miraculously designed to appear and disappear at the wish of its master, yoked with miraculous mules, and built with its golden wheels and parts, appeared afore Ravana braying noisily. Then he whose voice is strident that Ravana lifted her up by her waist and got Vaidehi up on the air-chariot intimidating her with bitter words.
Most of the Images of the chariot has been represented as a ordinary chariot with bird wings, but again
as said earlier the people who depicted this didn't understand much of the technology and represented
the things in the form which they understood.
There are many evidences found supporting the various events described in Ramayana, so if this legend
is true then defiantly this account described above makes us believe into the advanced technologies Ancient people had.
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Dr.K.Govindaraju
In his presidential speech of drama book release of "Gandhari" authored by noted drama director and play writer Muthvelalagar of Trichy, Dr.K.Govindaraju mentioned,' Drama is so integral to the tradition that Tamil". Dr.K.Govindaraju appreciated the excellent presentation of the character of "Gandhari" by Muthuvelalagar in his drama script and the speaker summed up as narrated by the dramatist Muthuvelalagar,the key areas of this drama and said,"Gandhari was the daughter of Subala, the king of Gandhara.
Her name has been derived from here and she is one of the important characters of the great Indian epic Mahabharata. Gandhari was married to Dhritarashtra, the eldest prince of the Kuru kingdom. As Dhritarashtra was blind, Gandhari blindfolded herself throughout her married life and did not wish to relish the pleasure of sight, which her husband could never realize.
She was the mother of hundred sons known as the Kauravas and the mother of a daughter Dlushala, the wife of Jayadratha. The Kaurava, predominantly Duryodhana and Dushasana were the villains who were killed at the battle of Kurukshetra in the hands of their cousin brothers the Pandavas. In spite of Duryodhana and Dushasana`s immoral behavior with the Pandavas, Gandhari always told them to follow `dharma` and make peace with the Pandavas.
She was very close to Kunti who treated her as an elder sister. Gandhari only opened her eyes to see Duryodhana exposing his entire body except his loins invincible to any enemy. Other than this, she was an ardent lover and worshipper of Lord Shiva. When she lost all her hundred sons, she cursed Krishna in effect ensuring the destruction of the Yadavas.
Gandhari confronted Krishna and said, "You are the cause of death of my sons. You could have prevented the war but you did not. As a result the Kurus have been almost wiped out. I curse you that you shall die the death of an animal; your clan of Vrishni will perish in an internal strife. The cousins will fight and kill each other.
" The grief seeing all her son's dead had overwhelmed Gandhari. Draupadi's sons dead. She could not find the words to console the women lamenting at the loss of their sons and Krishna happened to come in the battlefield, where Gandhari was sitting with all other woman and trying to console her.Krishna gave his gentlest smile and said, "Mother you have relieved me of a burden.
My clan cannot be destroyed by anyone in the world except by themselves. You have solved my problem. As to my death it is so ordained. I accept your curse by way of your blessings." Now Gandhari anger was abated fully. She became full of love for the Pandavas".Indrajith released the drama book "Gandhari" and appreciated the efforts of Muthvelalagar.
Noted writers Jawahar Arumugam,Sudir,Kappal Krishnamurthy,Kalaimamani Masthan felicitated. Noted Drama Artist Rani Jaya, Arsangaudi Jothi and several others started rehearsal of the Drama.Karmugil Kalai Mandaram proposes to stage this drama at the earliest said Muthvelalagar.-GOVIN
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